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Graph Algorithms Explained: BFS, DFS, Dijkstra and Topological Sort

Four algorithms behind maps, social networks, build systems and many interview questions.

MasterClass Buddy Editorial

Engineering editorial team · 8 min read ·

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What you will learn
  1. BFS finds shortest paths in unweighted graphs; DFS explores and detects cycles.
  2. Dijkstra finds shortest paths with non-negative weights using a priority queue.
  3. Topological sort orders tasks with dependencies.

Graphs are everywhere

A graph is just nodes connected by edges. Roads between cities, people who follow each other, packages that depend on packages, and pages that link to pages are all graphs.

Once you recognise a problem as a graph, a small toolkit of algorithms solves most of them.

In the rest of this story
  1. Choosing the algorithm
  2. BFS shortest path on a grid
  3. Interview tips
1 code example · 8 min read in full
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MasterClass Buddy Editorial

Engineering editorial team. Contributing deep-dive engineering architectures, cloud paradigms, and system design insights to Master Class Buddy.